So frustrated with this experience. The exact scenario I predicted (#2) above came true.
I should have paid more attention to my gut, and been more skeptical of the answer above. After all these hours, my host finally got me back into my server about 10 mins ago.
For anyone else needing help with this... the correct answer is... if your host uses an oddball SSH port like mine, update your [ /etc/ssh/sshd_config ] file before installing Cloudron ... or else you'll have a bad day like me - running wild goose chases trying to troubleshoot it and then finally begging/waiting for your host to bail you out when everything else fails.
Thank you for your efforts, @JLX89